Hard Drivin’ Arcade

Atari released the game Hard Drivin’ in 1989. It was a driving simulator with its primary attraction being the stunt course

Road into the Sky

The stunt track had a loop-de-loop in the road. I still remember seeing a screen shot of the arcade in a magazine, with the road going into the sky. It wasn’t the fact that it was a loop that was so shocking and amazing about it. It was that the road literally went so high that it went out of view of the monitor. Obviously, it comes back down, and you can see it. But it was the size of the loop that blew me away. Exactly how fast would you have to go to be able to survive this?

Here’s a quick capture of a similar shot:

Some more incredible loop-de-loop shots:

And, of course, failing to have enough speed on the loop:

With the INSTANT REPLY that was so iconic for the game — in fact, many people got a kick out of crashing on purpose, such as flying off of the loop, or ramping the jumps at maximum speed — just to see the result and the replay.

My previous question regarding the speed needed was attempting to convey the emotion I felt. Now that I have played the game, I know the actual answer. The game has a “60 MIN” speed sign, meaning minimum of 60 miles per hour (about 100 kilometers per hour). I’ve tested this, and it is true. In fact, the other traffic (composed of sports cars, and regular cars, trucks, and even what I always thought was a very large dump truck) can go around it seemingly much slower. The first car you see go around it is the very large dump truck. The other cars in the game don’t follow the physics that your car follows; they follow predetermined paths, with a few adjustments to try not to run through each other, and to also not crash into you.

Arcade Cabinet

The cabinet had a haptic (force feedback) vibrating steering wheel, an H-pattern manual shifting stick, a clutch, brake, and gas pedal, and even a turn-key to start the car. It offered 512 x 384 resolution in 256-colors (player/light source shading), which was much higher resolution than the start 320 x 240 (or 240 x 320) arcades at the time.

The feedback in the steering wheel was quite amazing — on the high score screen where you needed to enter your initials, the steering wheel would allow you to select the letter, but it would lock into each one. You could feel the bumps and feedback for each letter, so you could haptically understanding the number of letters you are moving through. The force feedback would keep the wheel in place of the current letter.

MAME Arcade Emulator

MAME is the Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator. It has a primary purpose of preserve vintage arcade games, by faithfully recreating the hardware of arcade games. However, as an emulator, it simply takes care of allowing input to be injected into the system, and properly render the output with audio to be authentic.

Input System Replication

The problem is how do you replicate the hardware that injects the input? You basically need the original cabinet hardware: a racing wheel, with pedals, and a shifter.

However, is this possible with simply an Xbox Gamepad?

Yes.

Xbox Gamepad Sufficiency

The steering wheel in Hard Drivin’ allows you to turn it (I am guessing) 180 degrees to either direction. This can allow you to spin the car around quickly at very low speeds, to get back onto the road when you’ve driven off. If you map this to a gamepad thumbstick from -1 to +1, this means that a significantly tiny range of that thumbstick input is useful for driving straight and making slight turns during normal driving / racing — just like a real steering wheel needs very little input for normal driving, but you want hand-over-hand wheel rotation for making a 90 degree turn in a parking lot, or entering / exiting onto a side-street.

Solution = Gamepad + Steam + MAME

You can play Hard Drivin’ arcade on MAME with just an Xbox Gamepad.

All of these scores were with an Xbox controller:

Why all signed with “J”, when Hard Drivin’ allows for up to 20 letters? Because the input massaging that allows a gamepad to be used as a precise steering wheel unfortunately limits the letter input in the high score name entry screen.

Pre-requisites

Xbox Gamepad
Steam (for Steam Input controller massaging)
MAME (to run the emulation, but also additional input massaging)
ROMs (the game; Hard Drivin’ arcade)

Gameplay Requirements

Transmission Type
- Automatic
  - This document is tested with Automatic transmission only.
- Manual
  - As-is, Manual transmission will not work.
  - If you want to try Manual transmission, you will need to:
    - Map the right thumbstick to the manual stick.
    - Map a button or shoulder button to the clutch.

Step 1. Add MAME to Steam

This allows the game to be run from Steam, which means you can use Steam Input.

Steam Input allows massaging of gamepad input before MAME processes it.

WARNING: I highly recommend not using Joystick Gremlin + vJoy + HidHide to massage gamepad input. If you choose to go down this path, research each of these pieces of software heavily online, and understand the implications they have on your system, how they install as device drivers impacting all software on your system, and how they are not well designed to be removed easily. I will not state which of these has which issue, or if all have all issues. You have been warned. Do your research.

Step 2. Steam Input – Controller Layout

Make sure your gamepad is plugged in first, then select “Controller layout“.

If gamepad is not plugged in, you will not see “Controller layout” as a selection:

If gamepad is plugged in, select “Controller layout“.

Step 3. Steam Input – Edit Layout

Click “Edit Layout” in the bottom right.

Step 4. Steam Input – Joysticks

Click “Joysticks” in the left bar:

Note: the Right joystick appears first, then the Left joystick appears after.

For the Left Joystick, under Behavior, select the gear icon.

Step 5. Steam Input – Adjustments

Set the following adjustments:

Sensitivity
- Horizontal Scale = 20%
- Vertical Scale = 20%
- What this does:
  - This compresses the X and Y gamepad values from -1..+1 to be from -0.20..+0.20.
  - This limits the amount the steering wheel can rotate to only 20% of its full extent.
  - This gives you far greater accuracy while driving / racing.
  - This restricts your ability to turn sharply to get back onto the road if you run off.
  - This also restricts the letters you can use during high score name entry. Thus I sign with just “J”.
Stick Response Curve = Custom Curve
- This will enable this setting:
  - Custom Response Curve = 25
  - I would put this lower if I could, but it is the minimal value.
- What this does:
  - This massages the thumbsticks, such that you have finer control near steering wheel center.

Step 6. Steam Input = Deadzone

Set Deadzone Source = No Deadzone.

This allows the raw input data from your gamepad to be given to the game.

Gamepads have proportional thumbsticks which have two interesting characteristics:

They have high accuracy for delta motion.
- If you adjust a thumbstick slightly, the resultant X and Y data from the gamepad will showcase a very accurate change in those values.
They have a low accurate for absolute data.
- They “land” at rest at a different spot when you press in one direction and then let go.
- Thus the inclusion of a dead zone, which allow a small region of X,Y coordinates within which the game will assume you intend no input.
- We want to avoid this, since we need all user input to be injected into the game as steering input. We do not want a dead zone that eliminates motion. This means you need to be very accurate in your input at all times. It allows you to make small adjustments and see the results right away. It avoids the need to guess or hope that you are not inside the dead zone — as a dead zone eats up your input for now output, causing you to make ever-larger input, each time delayed (as you have to analyze the response, then adjust), to finally get out of the dead zone, now you are almost spinning your car out, or you are now steering correctly but far too late, causing even more input correction. This irregularity has to be removed.

Step 7. MAME System Settings

MAME has two settings:

General Settings
- Act as your global defaults.
- Applies to every game in your library.
System Settings
- Overrides default settings for a specific game.

You should set the settings for just this game in particular:

Step 8. MAME Advanced Options

In System Settings, selected Advanced Options:

Set the following:

Advanced Options
- Joystick Deadzone = 0
- Joystick Saturation = 1
- Joystick Threshold = 0
What this does:
- Deadzone = 0:
  - There is no “unresponsive zone” at the center. The moment you tilt the stick away from the exact center, the game registers movement.
- Saturation = 1:
  - Pushing the stick to the edge of its physical range outputs the maximum value (1.0) to the emulator.
- Threshold = 0:
  - The activation point for “digital” actions (such as those from a D-Pad: Up, Down, Left, Right, Diagonals) from the analog sticks is set to the lowest value. This means it is invoked immediately, and I believe this helps ensure the shifter is never left in Neutral, but it may not matter.

Then save:

Step 9. MAME Video Options

In System Settings, selected Video Options:

Ensure Bilinear Filtering = Off.

This keeps the pixels sharp, and not blurred.

Step 10. How to Play

Recommendations:

Gamepad controller
- Always hold up on the left thumbstick.
- Make very small adjustments to turn.
- Note that without a deadzone, any change in position invokes steering input.
- Read and respond to the car’s reaction; it’s direct immediate from your input.
- Holding fully left or right is only turning the wheel a bit; it’ll be hard to sharply turn to get back onto the road when off road.
- Holding largely left or right can invoke a skid, and can regain control when sliding.
Hard Drivin’ gameplay
- Sharp wheel jerks can be useful on the banked turn, or on high speed turns, to invoke a slide or to regain control from a slide.
- Always go airborne straight, not turning.
- When landing, keep the wheel straight.
- Let go of the gas if you want to regain control (typically some acceleration pressure would settle the car, but not full gas, which is easy to do when you have a gamepad controller)
- Sideswiping other cars makes them move behind you.
- Cutting corners in the grass has a surprising amount of grip, but you lose speed rapidly.
- Take the first cliff at < 70 mph
- Take the first jump at < 80 mph
- Take the first ramp (after the loop) at ~60 mph
- You can take the banked curve at full throttle the whole way through; it can work consistently well, but requires sharp turn input to start.
- Ease off the gas to regain a bit of steering control.